Asian Journal of Psychiatry
Volume 3, Issue 2 , Pages 67-72 , June 2010

Mode of transmission of schizophrenia

  • R. Ponnudurai

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Porur, Chennai 600116, India
    • Formerly, Dean, Tamilnadu Medical Service, Director, Institute of Mental Health & Professor& Head, Dept of Psychiatry, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India.
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: 24/3-B-(New No 45) T.T.K. Road, Chennai 600018, India. Tel.: +91 044 24993181.
  • ,
  • J. Jayakar

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry, India

Received 24 February 2009 ,Revised 28 February 2010 ,Accepted 7 March 2010.

References 

  1. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed.. Washington, DC: DSM IV; 1994;
  2. Asherson P, Parfith E, Sargeant M, Tidmarsh S, Buckland P, Taylor C, et al. No evidence for a pseudoautosomal locus for schizophrenia in linkage analysis of multiple affected families. Br. J. Psych. 1992;161:63–68
  3. Asherson P, Walsh C, Williams J, Sargeant M, Taylor C, Clements A, et al. Imprinting and anticipation: are they relevant to genetic studies of schizophrenia?. Br. J. Psych. 1994;164:619–624
  4. Baron M. Schizophrenia on paternal and maternal sides: an analysis of familial factors. Br. J. Psych. 1980;137:505–509
  5. Baron M. Genetics of schizophrenia. 1. Familial patterns and mode of inheritance. Biol. Psych. 1986;21:1051–1066
  6. Beiser M, Erickson D, Fleming J, Iacono . Establishing the onset of psychotic illness. Am. J. Psych. 1993;150:1349–1354
  7. Bowen T, Guy CA, Cardno AG, Vincent JB, Kennedy JL, Jones LA, et al. Repeat sizes at CAG/CTG loci CTG 18.1, ERDA 1 and TGC 13-7a in schizophrenia. Psych. Genet. 2000;10:33–37
  8. Classidy SB, Gainy AJ, Butler MG. Occupational hydrocarbon exposure among fathers of Prader-Willi syndrome patients with and without deletions of 15q. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1989;44:806–810
  9. Crow TJ. Sex chromosomes and psychosis: the case for a pseudoautosomal locus. Br. J. Psych. 1988;153:675–693
  10. Crow TJ, DeLisi LE, Johnstone EC. concordance by sex in sibling pairs with schizophrenia is paternally inherited: evidence for a pseudoautosomal locus. Br. J. Psych. 1989;155:92–97
  11. De Kovel CGF. Recurrent microdeletions at 15q11.2 and 16p13.11 predispose to idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Brain. 2010;133:23–32
  12. DeLisi LE, Razi K, Stewart J, Relja M, Sheilds G, Smith AB, et al. No evidence for a parent of origin effect detected in the pattern of inheritance of Schizophrenia. Biol. Psych. 2000;48:706–709
  13. Elston RC, Campbell MA. Schizophrenia: evidence for a major gene hypothesis. Behav. Genet. 1970;1:3–10
  14. Endicott J, Andreasen N, Spitzer RL. Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1975;
  15. Endicott J, Spitzer RL. A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psych. 1978;35:837–844
  16. Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, Woodruff RA, Winokur G, Munoz R. Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Arch. Gen. Psych. 1972;26:57–63
  17. Fraser FC. Trinucleotide repeats not the only cause of anticipation. Lancet. 1997;350:459–460
  18. Freedman R, Coon H, Myles-Worsley M, Orr-Urtreger A, Olincy A, Davis A, et al. Linkage of a neuropsychological deficit in schizophrenia to a chromosome 15 locus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997;94:587–592
  19. Gottesman II, Shields JA. A polygenic theory of schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967;58:199–205
  20. Hall JG. Genomic imprinting: review and relevance to human diseases. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1990;46:853–857
  21. Heiden A, Willinger U, Scharfetter J, Meszaros K, Kasper S, Aschauer HN. Anticipation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res. 1999;35:25–32
  22. Heiman GA, Hodge SE, Wickramaratne , Hsu H. Age-at-interview bias in anticipation studies: computer simulations and an example with panic disorder. Psychiat. Genet. 1996;6:61–66
  23. Henna W, Porteous D. The DISC1 pathway modulates expression of neurodevelopmental, synaptogenic and sensory perception genes. PLoS One. 2009;4:e4906
  24. Hodge SE, Wickramaratne P. Statistical pitfalls in detecting age-of-onset anticipation: the role of correlation in studying anticipation and detecting ascertainment bias. Psychiat. Genet. 1995;5:43–47
  25. Husted J, Laura E, Anne S, Bassett S. Paternal transmission and anticipation in schizophrenia. Am. J. Med. Genet. 1997;81:156–162
  26. Imamura A, Honda S, Nakane Y, Okazaki Y. Anticipation in Japanese families with schizophrenia. J. Hum. Genet. 1998;43:217–223
  27. Isles AR, Wilkinson LS. Imprinted genes, cognition and behaviour. Trends Cognit. Sci. 2000;4:309–318
  28. Iwasa Y. The conflict theory of genomic imprinting. How much can be explained?. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 1998;40:255–293
  29. Jirtle RL, Sander M, Barrett JC. Genomic imprinting and environmental disease susceptibility. Environ. Health Perspect. 2000;108:271–278
  30. Jones PB, Rantakallio P, Hartikainen AL, Isohanni M, Sipila P. Schizophrenia as a long-term outcome of pregnancy, delivery, and perinatal complications: a 28 year follow-up of the 1966 north Finland general population birth cohort. Am. J. Psych. 1998;155:355–364
  31. Kallman FJ. The Genetics of Schizophrenia. vol. 245. New York: Augustin; 1938;pp. 288–325
  32. Kendler KS, Tsuang MT, Hays P. Age at onset in schizophrenia: a familial perspective. Arch. Gen. Psych. 1987;44:881–890
  33. Keverne EB, Martel FL, Nevison CM. Primate brain evolution: genetic and functional considerations. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B: Biol. Sers. 1996;263:689–696
  34. Leeflang EP, Tavare S, Marjoram P, et al. Analysis of germline mutation spectra at the Huntington's disease locus supports a mitotic mutation mechanism. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1999;8:173–183
  35. Malaspina D. Paternal factors and schizophrenia risk: de novo mutations and imprinting. Schiz. Bull. 2001;27(3):379–393
  36. Mann MR, Bartolomei MS. Toward a molecular understanding of Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1999;8:1867–1873
  37. McClellan JM, Susser E, King M-C. Schizophrenia: a common disease caused by multiple rare alleles. Br. J. Psych. 2007;190:194–199
  38. McGue M, Gottesman II, Rao DC. The analysis of schizophrenia family data. Behav. Genet. 1986;16:75–87
  39. McGuffin P, Owen MJ, Farme AE. The genetic basis of schizophrenia. Lancet. 1995;346:678–682
  40. Meguro M, Mitsuya K, Sui H, Shigenami K, Kugoh H, Nakao M, et al. Evidence for uni-parental, paternal expression of human GABA A receptor subunit genes, using microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1997;6:2127–2133
  41. Morris AG, Gaitonde E, McKenna PJ, Mollon JD, Hunt DM. CAG repeat expansion and schizophrenia: association with disease in females and with early age-at-onset. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1995;4:1957–1961
  42. Mott FW. Hereditary aspects of nervous and mental disorders. Br. Med. J. 1910;2:1013–1020
  43. O’Donovan MC, Guy C, Craddock N, et al. Confirmation of association between expanded CAG/CTG repeats and both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychol. Med. 1996;26:1145–1153
  44. Ohara K, Xu H-D, Mori N, Suzuki Y, Xu D-S, Ohara K, et al. Anticipation and Imprinting in schizophrenia. Biol. Psych. 1997;42:760–766
  45. Olshan AF, Teschke K, Baird PA. Paternal occupation and congenital anomalies in offspring. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1991;20:447–475
  46. Owen MJ, McGuffin P. Association and linkage: complementary strategies for complex disorders. J. Med. Genet. 1993;30:708
  47. Penrose LS. The problem of anticipation in pedigree of dystrophia myotonica. Ann. Eugenics. 1948;14:125–132
  48. Petronis A, Kennedy JL. Unstable genes–unstable mind?. Am. J. Psych. 1995;152:164–172
  49. Petronis A. The genes for major psychosis: aberrant sequence or regulation?. Neuro Psych. Pharm. 2000;23:1–12
  50. Ponnudurai, R., 1987. A study of dermatoglyphics and histocompatibility antigens in schizophrenic families. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Madras, India.
  51. Ponnudurai R. Schizophrenia—a genetic study. Ind. J. Psych. 1989;31(3):219–220
  52. Ponnudurai R. Failure to support a pseudoautosomal locus for schizophrenia. Psych. Res. 1996;62:281–284
  53. Richards RI, Sutherland GR. Heritable unstable DNA sequences. Nat. Genet. 1992;1:7–9
  54. Rosanoff AJ, Orr FI. A study in insanity in the light of Mendelian theory. Am. J. Insanity. 1911;68:221–261
  55. Rudin E. Zurverebung und Neuentetchungder Dementia prae cox. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1916;
  56. Sapienza C. Parent origin effects, genome imprinting, and sex-ratio distortion: double or nothing?. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1994;55:1073–1075
  57. Setchell BP. The Parkes lecture: heat and testes. J. Reprod. Fert. 1998;114:179–194
  58. Slater E. Expectation of abnormality on paternal and maternal sides—a computational model. J. Med. Genet. 1966;3:159–161
  59. Slater E, Tsuang MT. Abnormality on paternal and maternal sides in schizophrenia and manic depression. J. Med. Genet. 1968;5:197–199
  60. Stöber G, Haubitz I, Franzek E, Beckmann H. Parent-of-origin effect and evidence for differential transmission in periodic catatonia. Psych. Genet. 1998;8:213–219
  61. Tarin JJ, Brines J, Cano A. Long-term effects of delayed parenthood. Hum. Reprod. 1998;13:2371–2376
  62. Thompson MW, McInnes RR, Willard HF. Thompson & Thompson: Genetics in Medicine. 5th ed.. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.; 1991;p. 118
  63. Tsuang MT, Bucher KD, Fleming JA. Testing the monogenic theory of schizophrenia: an application of the segregation analysis to blind family data. Br. J. Psych. 1982;140:595–599
  64. Vincent JB, Paterson AD, Strong E, Petronis A, Kennedy JL. The unstable trinucleotide repeat story of major psychosis. Am. J. Med. Genet. 2000;97:77–97
  65. Wellington CL, Brinkman RR, O’Kusky JR, Hayden MR. Toward understanding the molecular pathology of Huntington's disease. Brain Pathol. 1997;7:979–1002

PII: S1876-2018(10)00013-4

doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2010.03.002

Asian Journal of Psychiatry
Volume 3, Issue 2 , Pages 67-72 , June 2010