Asian Journal of Psychiatry
Volume 2, Issue 4 , Pages 132-138 , December 2009

Fundamental causes of housing loss among persons diagnosed with serious and persistent mental illness: A theoretically guided test

  • Russell K. Schutt

      Affiliations

    • University of Massachusetts Boston and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Dr., Landmark, Center 2E, Boston, MA 02215, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 617 998 5034; fax: +1 617 998 5007.
    • ,
  • Stephen M. Goldfinger

      Affiliations

    • Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Harvard Medical School, United States
    • Present address: Department of Psychiatry, SUNY/Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States.

References 

  1. Amador XF, Flaum MM, Andreasen NC, Strauss DH, Yale SA, Clark SC, et al. Awareness of illness in schizoaffective and mood disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1994;51:826–836
  2. Amaral DG. The amygdala, social behavior, and danger detection. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2003;1000:337–347
  3. Aneshensel CS. Social stress: theory and research. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 1992;18:15–38
  4. Arns PG, Linney JA. Relating functional skills of severely mentally ill clients to subjective and societal benefits. Psychiatr. Serv. 1995;46:260–265
  5. Banks KH, Kohn-Wood LP, Spencer M. An examination of the African American experience of everyday discrimination and symptoms of psychological distress. Community Ment. Health J. 2006;42:555–570
  6. Booth BM, Sullivan G, Koegel P. Vulnerability factors for homelessness associated with substance dependence in a community sample of homeless adults. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2002;28:429–452
  7. Bowie CR, Reichenberg A, Patterson TL, Heaton RK, Harvey PD. Determinants of real-world functional performance in schizophrenia subjects: correlations with cognition, functional capacity, and symptoms. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2006;163:418–425
  8. Bowie CR, Twamley EW, Anderson H, Halpern B, Patterson TL, Harvey PD. Self-assessment of functional status in schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2007;41:1012–1018
  9. Brunette MF, Mueser KY, Drake RE. A review of research on residential programs for people with severe mental illness and co-occurring substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2004;23:471–481
  10. Calsyn RJ, Winter JP. Social support, psychiatric symptoms, and housing: a causal analysis. J. Community Psychol. 2002;30:247–259
  11. Christian J. Homelessness: integrating international perspectives. J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol. 2003;13:85–90
  12. Clapham D. Pathways approaches to homelessness research. J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol. 2003;13:119–127
  13. Clark C, Rich AR. Outcomes of homeless adults with mental illness in a housing program and in case management only. Psychiatr. Serv. 2003;54:78–83
  14. Clark R, Anderson NB, Clark VR, Williams DR. Racism as a stressor for African Americans: a biopsychosocial model. Am. Psychol. 1999;54:805–816
  15. Cohen A. The search for meaning: eventfulness in the lives of homeless mentally ill persons in the Skid Row District of Los Angeles. Cult. Med. Psychiatry. 2001;25:277–296
  16. Couture SM, Penn DL, Roberts DL. The functional significance of social cognition in schizophrenia: a review. Schizophr. Bull. 2006;32:S44–S63
  17. Dackis C, O’Brien C. Neurobiology of addiction: treatment and public policy ramifications. Nat. Neurosci. 2005;8:1431–1436
  18. Daniels, L.V., Carling, P.J., 1986. Community Residential Rehabilitation Services for Psychiatrically Disabled Persons in Kitsap County, Washington. Unpublished manuscript. Boston University Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston.
  19. Dayson D, Lee-Jones R, Chahal KK, Leff J. The TAPS Project 32: social networks of two group homes…5 years on. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 1998;33:438–444
  20. Devine JA, Wright JD. Losing the housing game: the leveling effect of substance abuse. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry. 1997;67:618–633
  21. Dixon L. Dual diagnosis of substance abuse in schizophrenia: prevalence and impact on outcomes. Schizophr. Res. 1999;35:S93–S100
  22. Dworsky AL, Piliavin I. Homeless spell exits and returns: substantive and methodological elaborations on recent studies. Soc. Serv. Rev. 2000;74:193–213
  23. Fischer MJ, Massey DS. The ecology of racial discrimination. City Community. 2004;3:221–241
  24. Flashman LA. Disorders of insight, self-awareness, and attribution in schizophrenia. In:  Beitman Bernard D, Jyotsna Nair  editor. Self-Awareness Deficits in Psychiatric Patients: Neurobiology, Assessment, and Treatment. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.; 2004;p. 129–158
  25. Folsom DP, Hawthorne W, Lindamer L, Gilmer T, Bailey A, Golshan S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for homelessness and utilization of mental health services among 10,340 patients with serious mental illness in a large public mental health system. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2005;162:370–376
  26. Franczak, M.J., 2002. Final Report: Housing Approaches for Persons with Serious Mental Illness. Tucson: Community Rehabilitation Division, School of Public Administration & Policy, University of Arizona.
  27. Goering P, Durbin J, Foster R, Boyles S, Babiak T, Lancee B. Social networks of residents in supportive housing. Community Ment. Health J. 1992;28:199–214
  28. Goldfinger SM, Schutt RK. Comparison of clinicians’ housing recommendations and preferences of homeless mentally ill persons. Psychiatr. Serv. 1996;47:413–415
  29. Goldfinger SM, Schutt RK, Seidman LJ, Turner WM, Penk WE, Tolomiczenko G. Self-report and observer measures of substance abuse among Homeless mentally ill persons, in the cross section and over time. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1996;184:667–672
  30. Goldfinger SM, Schutt RK, Turner WM, Tolomiczenko G, Abelman M. Assessing homeless mentally ill persons for permanent housing: screening for safety. Community Ment. Health J. 1996;32:275–288
  31. Goldfinger SM, Schutt RK, Tolomiczenko GS, Seidman LJ, Penk WE, Turner WM, et al. Predicting homelessness after rehousing: a longitudinal study of mentally ill adults. Psychiatr. Serv. 1999;50:674–679
  32. Gonzalez G, Rosenheck RA. Outcomes and service use among homeless persons with serious mental illness and substance abuse. Psychiatr. Serv. 2002;53:437–446
  33. Greenfield AL. Evaluating the quality of care in supervised group homes for persons with mental illness. Adult Res. Care J. 1992;6:103–113
  34. Greenwood RM, Schaefer-McDaniel NJ, Winkel G, Tsemberis SJ. Decreasing psychiatric symptoms by increasing choice in services for adults with histories of homelessness. Am. J. Community Psychol. 2005;36:223–238
  35. Harrison G, Hopper K, Craig T, Laska E, Siegel C, et al. Recovery from psychotic illness: a 15- and 25-year international follow-up study. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2001;178:506–517
  36. Hawkins RL, Abrams C. Disappearing acts: the social networks of formerly homeless individuals with co-occurring disorders. Soc. Sci. Med. 2007;65:2031–2042
  37. Haywood TW, Kravitz HM, Grossman LS. Predicting the ‘revolving door’ phenomenon among patients with schizophrenic, schizoaffective, and affective disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1995;152:856–861
  38. Herman H, Evert H, Harvey C, Gureje O, Pinzone T, Gordon I. Disability and service use among homeless people living with psychotic disorders. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry. 2004;38:965–974
  39. Hopper K, Milburn NG. Homelessness among African Americans: a historical and contemporary perspective. In: Jim Baumohl  editors. Homelessness in America. Phoenix: Oryx Press; 1996;p. 123–131
  40. Hurlburt MS, Hough RL, Wood PA. Effects of substance abuse on housing stability of homeless mentally ill persons in supported housing. Psychiatr. Serv. 1996;47:731–736
  41. Kalivas PW, Volkow ND. The neural basis of addiction: a pathology of motivation and choice. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2005;162:1403–1413
  42. Kasprow WJ, Rosenheck RA, Frisman L, DiLella D. Referral and housing processes in a long-term supported housing program for homeless veterans. Psychiatr. Serv. 2000;51:1017–1023
  43. Kessler RC, Mickelson KD, Williams DR. The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1999;40:208–230
  44. Khantzian EJ, Bean-Bayog M, Blumenthal S, et al. Substance abuse disorders: a psychiatric priority. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1991;148:1291–1300
  45. Kikkert MJ, Schene AH, Koeter MWJ, Robson D, Born A, Helm H, et al. Medication adherence in schizophrenia: exploring patients’, carers’ and professionals’ views. Schizophr. Bull. 2006;32:786–794
  46. Kruzich JM. Community integration of the mentally ill in residential facilities. Am. J. Community Psychol. 1985;13:553–564
  47. Lennon MC, McAllister W, Kuang L, Herman DB. Capturing intervention effects over time: reanalysis of a critical time intervention for homeless mentally ill men. Am. J. Public Health. 2005;95:1760–1776
  48. Lin N. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2001;
  49. Lincoln KD, Chatters LM, Taylor RJ. Psychological distress among Black and White Americans: differential effects of social support, negative interaction and personal control. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2003;44:390–407
  50. Lipton FR, Siegel C, Hannigen A, Samuels J, Baker S. Tenure in supportive housing for homeless persons with severe mental illness. Psychiatr. Serv. 2000;51:479–486
  51. Lipton FR, Nutt S, Sabatini A. Housing the homeless mentally ill: a longitudinal study of a treatment approach. Hosp. Community Psychiatry. 1988;39:40–45
  52. Mabry JB, Kiecolt KJ. Anger in black and white: race, alienation, and anger. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2005;46:85–101
  53. Mares AS, Rosenheck RA. One-year housing arrangements among homeless adults with serious mental illness in the ACCESS program. Psychiatr. Serv. 2004;55:566–574
  54. Mares AS, Kasprow WJ, Rosenheck RA. Outcomes of supported housing for homeless veterans with psychiatric and substance abuse problems. Ment. Health Serv. Res. 2004;6:199–211
  55. Maslow A. A theory of human motivation. Psychol. Rev. 1943;50:370–396
  56. McBride TD, Calsyn RJ, Morse GA. Duration of homeless spells among severely mentally ill individuals: a survival analysis. J. Community Psychol. 1998;26:473–490
  57. Minsky S, Riesser GG, Duffy M. The eye of the beholder: housing preferences of inpatients and their treatment teams. Psychiatr. Serv. 1995;46:173–176
  58. O’Hara A. Housing for people with mental illness: update of a report to the President's New Freedom Commission. Psychiatr. Serv. 2007;58:907–913
  59. Olfson M, Mechanic D, Hansell S. Prediction of homelessness within three months of discharge among inpatients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Serv. 1999;50:667–673
  60. Orwin RG, Scott CK, Arieira CR. Transitions through homelessness and factors that predict them: residential outcomes in the Chicago target cities treatment sample. Eval. Program Plann. 2003;26:379–392
  61. Padgett DK, Gulcur L, Tsemberis S. Housing First services for people who are homeless with co-occurring serious mental illness and substance abuse. Res. Soc. WorkPract. 2006;16:74–83
  62. Pini S, Cassano GB, Dell’Osso L. Insight into illness in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and mood disorders with psychotic features. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158:122–125
  63. Rahav M, Rivera JJ, Nuttbrock L, Ng-Mak D, Sturz EX, Link BG, et al. Characteristics and treatment of homeless, mentally ill, chemical-abusing men. J. Psychoactive Drugs. 1995;27:93–103
  64. Rogers ES, Anthony W, Lyass A. The nature and dimensions of social support among individuals with severe mental illnesses. Community Ment. Health J. 2004;40:437–450
  65. Rosen A, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Parker G. The Life Skills Profile: a measure assessing function and disability in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1989;15:325–337
  66. Rosenheck RA, Seibyl CL. Participation and outcome in a residential treatment and work therapy program for addictive disorders: the effects of race. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1998;155:1029–1034
  67. Rosenheck R, Morrissey J, Lam J, Calloway M, Stolar M, Johnsen M, et al. Service delivery and community: social capital, service systems integration, and outcomes among homeless persons with severe mental illness. Health Serv. Res. 2001;36:691–710
  68. Rosenheck R, Leslie D, Keefe R, McEvoy J, Swartz M, Perkins D, et al. Barriers to employment for people with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2006;163:411–417
  69. Ross CE, Mirowsky J, Pribesh S. Powerlessness and the amplification of threat: neighborhood disadvantage, disorder, and mistrust. Am. Sociol. Rev. 2001;66:568–591
  70. Schutt RK, Goldfinger SM. Housing preferences and perceptions of health and functioning among homeless mentally ill persons. Psychiatr. Serv. 1996;47:381–386
  71. Schutt RK, Rosenheck RE, Penk WE, Drebing CE, Seibyl CL. The social environment of transitional work and residence programs: influences on health and functioning. Eval. Program Plann. 2005;28:291–300
  72. Shern DL, Felton CJ, Hough RL, Lehman AF, Goldfinger SM, Valencia E, et al. Housing outcomes for homeless adults with mental illness: results from the Second-Round McKinney Program. Psychiatr. Serv. 1997;48:239–241
  73. Snow DA, Anderson L. Down on Their Luck: A Study of Homeless Street People. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1993;
  74. Sosin MR. Explaining adult homelessness in the US by stratification or situation. J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol. 2003;13:91–104
  75. Sosin MR, Piliavin I, Westerfelt H. Toward a longitudinal analysis of homelessness. J. Soc. Issues. 1990;46:157–174
  76. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IIIR – Patient Version (SCID-P). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research Department; 1989;
  77. Takeuchi D, Williams DR. Race, ethnicity and mental health: introduction to the special issue. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2003;44:233–236
  78. Teeson M, Hodder T, Buhrich N. Alcohol and other drug use disorders among homeless people in Australia. Subst. Use Misuse. 2003;38:463–474
  79. Teeson M, Hodder T, Buhrich N. Psychiatric disorders in homeless men and women in inner Sydney. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry. 2004;38:162–168
  80. Thoits PA. Multiple identities and psychological well-being: a reformulation and test of the social isolation hypothesis. Am. Sociol. Rev. 1983;48:174–187
  81. Tsemberis S, Eisenberg RF. Pathways to housing: supported housing for street-dwelling homeless individuals with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatr. Serv. 2000;51:487–493
  82. Turner MA, Reed VM. Housing America: Learning from the Past, Planning for the Future. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press; 1990;
  83. Uehara ES. Race, gender, and housing inequality: an exploration of the correlates of low-quality housing among clients diagnosed with severe and persistent mental illness. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1994;35:309–321
  84. Velasquez MM, Crouch C, von Sternberg K, Grosdanis I. Motivation for change and psychological distress in homeless substance abusers. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 2000;19:395–401
  85. Wong YI, Piliavin I. A dynamic analysis of homeless-domicile transitions. Soc. Probl. 1997;44:408–423
  86. Wong YI, Solomon PL. Community integration of persons with psychiatric disabilities is supportive independent housing: a conceptual model and methodological considerations. Ment. Health Serv. Res. 2002;4:13–28
  87. Yanos PT, Barrow SM, Tsemberis S. Community integration in the early phase of housing among homeless persons diagnosed with severe mental illness: successes and challenges. Community Ment. Health J. 2004;40:133–150

PII: S1876-2018(09)00093-8

doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2009.10.006

Asian Journal of Psychiatry
Volume 2, Issue 4 , Pages 132-138 , December 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution