Asian Journal of Psychiatry
Volume 2, Issue 1 , Pages 6-16 , March 2009

Yoga in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders: A review

  • Tricia L. da Silva

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ont., Canada M5T 1R8
  • ,
  • Lakshmi N. Ravindran

      Affiliations

    • VA San Diego Health Care System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., San Diego, CA 92161, USA
  • ,
  • Arun V. Ravindran

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ont., Canada M5T 1R8
    • University of Toronto, Department of Psychiatry, 250 College St., Toronto, Ont., Canada M5T 1R8
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ont., Canada M5T 1R8. Tel.: +1 416 979 6933; fax: +1 416 260 4171.

Received 23 August 2008 ,Accepted 24 December 2008.

References 

  1. Ades PA, Savage PD, Brochu M, Tischler MD, Lee NM, Poehlman ET. Resistance training increases total daily energy expenditure in disabled older women with coronary heart disease. J. Appl. Physiol. 2005;98(4):1280–1285
  2. Andrews G, Slade T, Issakidis C. Deconstructing current comorbidity: data from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Brit. J. Psychiatry. 2002;181(4):306–314
  3. Bandelow B, Seidler-Brandler U, Becker A, Wedekind D, Rüther E. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled comparisons of psychopharmacological and psychological treatments for anxiety disorders. World J. Biol. Psychiatry. 2007;8(3):175–187
  4. Banerjee B, Vadiraj HS, Ram A, Rao R, Jayapal M, Gopinath KS, et al. Effects of an integrated yoga program in modulating psychological stress and radiation-induced genotoxic stress in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Integr. Cancer. Ther. 2007;6(3):242–250
  5. Barlow D, Gorman J, Shear M, Woods S. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, imipramine, or their combination for panic disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000;283(19):2529–2536
  6. Berger BG, Owen DR. Stress reduction and mood enhancement in four exercise modes: swimming, body conditioning, hatha yoga, and fencing. Res. Quart. Exer. Sport. 1988;59(2):148–159
  7. Blumenthal JA, Emery CF, Madden DJ, George LK, Coleman RE, Riddle MW, et al. Cardiovascular and behavioral effects of aerobic exercise training in healthy older men and women. J. Gerontol. 1989;44(5):M147–M157
  8. Blumenthal JA, Emery CF, Madden DJ, Schniebolk S, Walsh-Riddle M, George LK, et al. Long-term effects of exercise on psychological functioning in older men and women. J. Gerontol. 1991;46(6):P352–P361
  9. Bonadies V. A yoga therapy program for AIDS-related pain and anxiety: implications for therapeutic recreation. Ther. Recreat. J. 2004;38(2):148–166
  10. Broota A, Dhir R. Efficacy of two relaxation techniques in depression. J. Pers. Clin. Stud. 1990;6(1):83–90
  11. Broota A, Sanghvi C. Efficacy of two relaxation techniques in examination anxiety. J. Pers. Clin. Stud. 1994;10(1–2):29–35
  12. Broota A, Varma R, Singh A. Role of relaxation in hypertension. J. Indian Acad. Appl. Psychol. 1995;21(1):29–36
  13. Brown RP, Gerbarg PL. Sudarshan Kriya Yoga breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety and depression. Part I. Neurophysiologic model. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2005;11(1):189–201
  14. Brown RP, Gerbarg PL. Sudarshan Kriya Yoga breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety and depression. Part II. Clinical applications and guidelines. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2005;11(4):711–717
  15. Bruder GE, Tenke CE, Stewart JW, Towey JP, Leite P, Voglmaier M, et al. Brain event-related potentials to complex tones in depressed patients: relations to perceptual asymmetry and clinical features. Psychophysiology. 1995;32(4):373–381
  16. Burke HM, Davis MC, Otte C, Mohr DC. Depression and cortisol responses to psychological stress: a meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005;30(9):846–856
  17. Butler LD, Waelde LC, Hastings TA, Chen XH, Symons B, Marshall J, et al. Meditation with yoga, group therapy with hypnosis, and psychoeducation for long-term depressed mood: a randomized pilot trial. J. Clin. Psychol. 2008;64(7):806–820
  18. Carter, J., Byrne, G., 2004. A 2-year study of the use of yoga in a series of pilot studies as an adjunct to ordinary psychiatric treatment in a group of Vietnam War Veterans suffering from post traumatic stress disorder. Retrieved on August 1, 2008 from http://www.therapywithyoga.com/Vivekananda.pdf.
  19. Center C, Davis M, Detre T, Ford D, Hansbrough W, Hendin H, et al. Confronting depression and suicide in physicians: a consensus statement. JAMA. 2003;289(23):3161–3166
  20. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol. Bull. 1992;112(1):155–159
  21. Cohen L, Warneke C, Fouladi RT, Rodriguez MA, Chaoul-Reich A. Psychological adjustment and sleep quality in a randomized trial of the effects of a Tibetan yoga intervention in patients with lymphoma. Cancer. 2004;100(10):2253–2260
  22. Cooper C, Balamurali TB, Selwood A, Livingston G. A systematic review of intervention studies about anxiety in caregivers of people with dementia. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2007;22(3):181–188
  23. Craft LL, Perna FM. The benefits of exercise for the clinically depressed. Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2004;6(3):104–111
  24. Culos-Reed SN, Carlson LE, Daroux LM, Hately-Aldous S. A pilot study of yoga for breast cancer survivors: physical and psychological benefits. Psychooncology. 2006;15(10):891–897
  25. Danhauer SC, Tooze JA, Farmer DF, Campbell CR, McQuellon R.P. , Barrett R, et al. Restorative yoga for women with ovarian or breast cancer: findings from a pilot study. J. Soc. Integr. Oncol. 2008;6(2):47–58
  26. Dixon-Peters CA. The psychological effects of Hatha yoga on low-income women who are survivors of domestic violence. Dissert. Abstr. Int. B: Sci. Eng. 2007;68(1-B):619
  27. Duraiswamy G, Thirthalli J, Nagendra HR, Gangadhar BN. Yoga therapy as an add-on treatment in the management of patients with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2007;116(3):226–232
  28. Elkins G, Rajab MH, Marcus J. Complementary and alternative medicine use by psychiatric inpatients. Psychol. Rep. 2005;96(1):163–166
  29. Ernst E. Therapies: yoga (section 3). In:  Ernst E editors. The Desktop Guide to Complementary and Alternative Medicine: An Evidence-based Approach. Edinburgh: Mosby; 2001;p. 76–78
  30. Fox KR. The influence of physical activity on mental well-being. Public Health Nutr. 1999;2(3A):411–418
  31. Frye MA, Calabrese JR, Reed ML, Hirschfeld RM. Healthcare resource utilization in bipolar depression compared with unipolar depression: results of a United States population-based study. CNS Spectr. 2006;11(9):704–710
  32. Galantino ML, Bzdewka TM, Eissler-Russo JL, Holbrook ML, Mogck EP, Geigle P, et al. The impact of modified hatha yoga on chronic low back pain: a pilot study. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 2004;10(2):56–59
  33. Gangadhar BN, Janakiramaiah N, Sudarshan B, Shety KT. Stress-related biochemical effects of sudarshan kriya yoga in depressed patients.. In: Presented at the Conference on Biological Psychiatry UN NGO Mental Health Committee. New York, May. 2000;
  34. Gediman HK. Actual neurosis and psychoneurosis. Int. J. Psychoanal. 1984;65(Pt. 22):191–202
  35. Girodo M. Yoga meditation and flooding in the treatment of anxiety neurosis. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry. 1974;5(2):157–160
  36. Goldberg JF, Garno JL, Harrow M. Long-term remission and recovery in bipolar disorder: a review. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2005;7(6):456–461
  37. Golden RN, Heine AD, Ekstrom RD, Bebchuk JM, Leatherman ME, Garbutt JC. A longitudinal study of serotonergic function in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002;26(5):653–659
  38. Granath J, Ingvarsson S, von Thiele U, Lundberg U. Stress management: a randomized study of cognitive behavioural therapy and yoga. Cogn. Behav. Ther. 2006;35(1):3–10
  39. Gupta N, Khera S, Vempati RP, Sharma R, Bijlani RL. Effect of yoga based lifestyle intervention on state and trait anxiety. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2006;50(1):41–47
  40. Holmer ML. The effects of yoga on symptoms and psychosocial adjustment in fibromyalgia syndrome patients. Dissert. Abstr. Int. B: Sci. Eng. 2004;65(5-B):2630
  41. Issakidis C, Andrews G. Service utilization for anxiety in an Australian community sample. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2002;37(4):153–163
  42. Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, Harish MG, Subbakrishna DK, Vedamurthachar A. Antidepressant efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in melancholia: a randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and imipramine. J. Affect. Disord. 2000;57(1–3):255–259
  43. Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, Taranath Shetty K, Subbakrishna DK, Meti BL, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in dysthymic disorder. NIMHANS J. 1998;17(1):21–28
  44. John PJ, Sharma N, Sharma CM, Kankane A. Effectiveness of yoga therapy in the treatment of migraine without aura: a randomized controlled trial. Headache. 2007;47(5):654–661
  45. Jorm AF, Medway J, Christenson H, Korten AE, Jacomb PA, Rodgers B. Public beliefs about the helpfulness of interventions for depression: effects on actions taken when experiencing anxiety and depression symptoms. Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry. 2000;34(4):619–626
  46. Jorm AF, Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Parslow RA, Rodgers B, Blewitt KA. Effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments for anxiety disorders. Med. J. Aust. 2004;181(7):S29–S46
  47. Jorm AF, Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Rodgers B. Effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments for depression. Med. J. Aust. 2002;176:S84–S96
  48. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler PJ, Endicott J, Maser J, Solomon DA, et al. The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2002;59(6):530–537
  49. Kabat-Zinn J, Massion AO, Kristeller J, Peterson LG, Fletcher KE, Pbert L, et al. Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1992;149(7):936–943
  50. Kawachi I, Sparrow D, Vokonas PS, Weiss ST. Decreased heart rate variability in men with phobic anxiety (data from the Normative Aging Study). Am. J. Cardiol. 1995;75(14):882–885
  51. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593–602
  52. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-IIIR psychiatric disorders in US: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1994;51(1):8–19
  53. Kessler RC, Soukup J, Davis RB, Foster DF, Wilkey SA, Van Rompay MI, et al. The use of complementary and alternative therapies to treat anxiety and depression in the United States. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158(2):289–294
  54. Kessler RC, Wang PS. The descriptive epidemiology of commonly occurring mental disorders in the United States. Ann. Rev. Public Health. 2008;29:115–129
  55. Khalsa SB. Yoga as a therapeutic intervention: a bibliometric analysis of published research studies. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2004;48(3):269–285
  56. Khalsa SB, Cope S. Effects of a yoga lifestyle intervention on performance-related charateristics of musicians: a preliminary study. Med. Sci. Monit. 2006;12(8):CR325–C331
  57. Khumar SS, Kaur P, Kaur S. Effectiveness of Shavasana on depression among university students. Indian J. Clin. Psychol. 1993;20(2):82–87
  58. Kirkwood G, Rampes H, Tuffrey V, Richardson J, Pilkington K. Yoga for anxiety: a systematic review of the research evidence. Brit. J. Sport. Med. 2005;39(12):884–891
  59. Kjernisted KD, Bleau P. Long-term goals in the management of acute and chronic anxiety disorders. Can. J. Psychiatry. 2004;49(3 Suppl. 1):51S–63S
  60. Klein E, Cnaani E, Harel T, Braun S, Ben-Haim SA. Altered heart rate variability in panic disorder patients. Biol. Psychiatry. 1995;37(1):18–24
  61. Krishnamurthy MN, Telles S. Assessing depression following two ancient Indian interventions: effects of yoga and ayurveda on older adults in a residential home. J. Gerontol. Nurs. 2007;33(2):17–23
  62. Kuijpers HJH, van der Heijden FMMA, Tuinier S, Verhoeven WMA. Meditation-induced psychosis. Psychopathology. 2007;40(6):461–464
  63. Kuttner L, Chambers CT, Hardial J, Israel DM, Jacobson K, Evans K. A randomized trial of yoga for adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome. Pain Res. Manage. 2006;11(4):217–223
  64. Lavey R, Sherman T, Mueser KT, Osborne DD, Currier M, Wolfe R. The effects of yoga on mood in psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatr. Rehabil. J. 2005;28(4):399–402
  65. Long BC, Van-Stavel R. Effect of exercise training on anxiety: a meta-analysis. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 1995;7(2):167–189
  66. Manocha R, Marks GB, Kenchington P, Peters D, Salome CM. Sahaja yoga in the management of moderate to severe asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2002;57(2):110–115
  67. Mantella RC, Butters MA, Amico JA, Mazumdar S, Rollman BL, Begley AE, et al. Salivary cortisol is associated with diagnosis and severity of late-life generalized anxiety disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008;33(6):773–781
  68. Michalsen A, Grossman P, Acil A, Langhorst J, Ludtke R, Esch T, et al. Rapid stress reduction and anxiolysis among distressed women as a consequence of a three-month intensive yoga program. Med. Sci. Monit. 2005;11(12):CR555–561
  69. Miller JJ, Fletcher K, Kabat-Zinn J. Three-year follow-up and clinical implications of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry. 1995;17(3):192–200
  70. Miller TM. The integration of short-term dynamic therapy and yoga in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and depression. Dissert. Abstr. Int. B: Sci. Eng. 2005;66(6-B):3419
  71. Mishra M, Sinha RK. Effect of yogic practices on depression and anxiety. J. Project. Psychol. Mental Health. 2001;8(1):23–27
  72. Malathi A, Damodaran A. Stress due to exams in medical students: role of yoga. Indian J. Psychiatry. 1999;43(2):218–224
  73. Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, Gangadhar BN, Janakiramaiah N, Subbakrishna DK. Normalization of P300 amplitude following treatment in dysthymia. Biol. Psychiatry. 1997;42(8):740–743
  74. Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Subbakrishna DK. P300 amplitude and antidepressant response to Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY). J. Affect. Disord. 1998;50(1):45–48
  75. Norton GR, Johnson WE. A comparison of two relaxation procedures for reducing cognitive and somatic anxiety. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry. 1983;14(3):209–214
  76. Oken BS, Kishiyama S, Zajdel D, Bourdette D, Carlsen J, Haas M, et al. Randomized controlled trial of yoga and exercise in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2004;62(11):2058–2064
  77. Oretzky S. The effects of yoga on elevated depressive and somatic symptoms in young adults. Dissert. Abstr. Int. B: Sci. Eng. 2007;67(9-B):5458
  78. Pampallona S, Bollini P, Tibaldi G, Kupelnick B, Munizza C. Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological treatment for depression: a systematic review. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2004;61(7):714–719
  79. Patel SR. The effects of yoga on mood disturbance and pain in an underserved breast cancer population. Dissert. Abstr. Int. B: Sci. Eng. 2005;66(2-B):1181
  80. Paterniti A. A pilot study comparing the efficacy of a mindfulness-based program to a skills-training program in the treatment of test anxiety. Dissert. Abstr. Int. B: Sci. Eng. 2008;68(10-B):6977
  81. Pilkington K, Kirkwood G, Rampes H, Richardson J. Yoga for depression: the research evidence. J. Affect. Disord. 2005;89(1–3):13–24
  82. Pollack MH, Otto MW, Roy-Byrne PP, Coplan JD, Rothbaum BO, Simon NM, et al. Novel treatment approaches for refractory anxiety disorders. Depress. Anxiety. 2008;25(6):467–476
  83. Ragavendra RM, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR, Gopinath KS, Srinath BS, Ravin BD, et al. Effects of an integrated yoga programme on chemotherapy-induced nausea and emesis in breast cancer patients. Eur. J. Cancer Care. 2007;16(6):462–474
  84. Ramaratnam S, Sridharan K. Yoga for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2000;(3):CD001524
  85. Riley D. Hatha yoga and the treatment of illness. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 2004;10(2):20–21
  86. Rohini V, Pandey RS, Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Vedamuthachar A. A comparative study of full and partial Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in major depressive disorder. NIMHANS J. 2000;18(1–2):53–57
  87. Ropper AH, Brown RH. Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology. 8th ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2005;
  88. Rosnow RL, Rosenthal R. Computing contrasts, effect sizes and counternulls on other people's published data: general procedures for research consumers. Psychol. Method. 1996;1(4):331–340
  89. Sahasi G, Mohan D, Kacker C. Effectiveness of yogic techniques in the management of anxiety. J. Pers. Clin. Stud. 1989;5(1):51–55
  90. Salmon P. Effect of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: a unifying theory. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2001;21(1):33–61
  91. Schiefelbein VL, Susman EJ. Cortisol levels and longitudinal cortisol change as predictors of anxiety in adolescents. J. Early Adolesc. 2006;26(4):397–413
  92. Shannahoff-Khalsa DS, Beckett LR. Clinical case report: efficacy of yogic techniques in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorders. Int. J. Neurosci. 1996;85(1–2):1–17
  93. Shannahoff-Khalsa DS, Ray LE, Levine S, Gallen CC, Schwartz BJ, Sidorowich JJ. Randomized controlled trial of yogic meditation techniques for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 1999;4(12):34–47
  94. Shannahoff-Khalsa DS. An Introduction to Kundalini Yoga meditation techniques that are specific for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. J. Altern. Complement Med. 2004;10(1):91–101
  95. Shapiro D, Cook IA, Davydov DM, Ottaviani C, Leuchter AF, Abrams M. Yoga as a complementary treatment of depression: effects of traits and moods on treatment outcome. Evid. Based Complement Altern. Med. 2007;4(4):493–502
  96. Sharma I, Azmi SA, Settiwar RM. Evaluation of the effect of pranayama in anxiety state. Altern. Med. 1991;3(4):227–235
  97. Sharma VK, Das S, Mondal S, Goswami U, Gandhi A. Effect of Sahaj Yoga on depressive disorders. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2005;49(4):462–468
  98. Sharma VK, Das S, Mondal S, Goswami U, Gandhi A. Effect of Sahaj Yoga on neurocognitive functions in patients suffering from major depression. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2006;50(4):375–383
  99. Shearer A. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. New York: Bell Tower; 1982;
  100. Sims AC. Neurotic illness: conserving a threatened concept. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1985;19(Suppl. 1):9S–15S
  101. Streeter CC, Jensen JE, Perlmutter RM, Cabral HJ, Tian H, Terhune DB, et al. Yoga Asana sessions increase brain GABA levels: a pilot study. J. Altern. Complement Med. 2007;13(4):419–426
  102. Taneja I, Deepak KK, Poojary G, Acharya IN, Pandey RM, Sharma MP. Yogic versus conventional treatment in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized control study. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback. 2004;29(1):19–33
  103. Telles S, Naveen KV, Dash M. Yoga reduces symptoms of distress in tsunami survivors in the Andaman islands. Evid. Based Complement Altern. Med. 2007;4(4):503–509
  104. Udupa K, Madanmohan , Bhavanani AB, Vijyalakshmi P, Krishnamurthy N. Effect of pranayam training on cardiac function in normal young volunteers. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2003;47(1):27–33
  105. Udupa K, Sathyaprabha TN, Thirthalli J, Kishore KR, Lavekar GS, Raju TR, et al. Alteration of cardiac autonomic functions in patients with major depression: a study using heart rate variability measures. J. Affect. Disord. 2007;100(1–3):137–141
  106. Vahia NS, Doongaji DR, Jeste DV, Kapoor SN, Ardhapurkar I, Ravindranath S. Further experience with the therapy based upon concepts of Patanjali in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Indian J. Psychiatry. 1973;15(1):32–37
  107. Vahia NS, Doongaji DR, Jeste DV, Ravindranath S, Kapoor SN, Ardhapurkar I. Psychophysiologic therapy based on the concepts of Patanjail: a new approach to the treatment of neurotic and psychosomatic disorders. Am. J. Psychother. 1973;27(4):557–565
  108. Vito NL. The effects of a yoga intervention on physical and psychological functioning for breast cancer survivors. Dissert. Abstr. Int. B: Sci. Eng. 2008;68(9-B):6341
  109. Wein J, Andersson JP, Erdéus J. Cardiac and ventilatory responses to apneic exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2007;100(6):637–644
  110. West J, Otte C, Geher K, Johnson J, Mohr DC. Effects of hatha yoga and African dance on perceived stress, affect, and salivary cortisol. Ann. Behav. Med. 2004;28(2):114–118
  111. Williams S, Dale J, Glucksman E, Wellesley A. Senior house officers’ work related stressors, psychological distress, and confidence in performing clinical tasks in accident and emergency: a questionnaire study. BMJ. 1997;314(7082):713–718
  112. Wittchen H-U, Nelson CB, Lachner G. Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults. Psychol. Med. 1998;28(1):109–126
  113. Woolery A, Myers H, Sternlieb B, Zeltzer L. A yoga intervention for young adults with elevated symptoms of depression. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 2004;10(2):60–63
  114. Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, O’Donovan C, Parikh S, MacQueen G, McIntyre R, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: consensus and controversies. Bipolar Disord. 2005;7(Suppl. 3):5–69
  115. Yorston GA. Mania precipitated by meditation: a case report and literature review. Ment. Health Rel. Cult. 2001;4(2):209–213

PII: S1876-2018(08)00055-5

doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2008.12.002

Asian Journal of Psychiatry
Volume 2, Issue 1 , Pages 6-16 , March 2009